Energy-Efficient Adaptive Beam Steering for Multi-Orbit Satellite Communication Systems

Abstract

The quick development of non-terrestrial communication technologies has given the impetus to the implementation of multi-orbit satellite communication systems that combine Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites to offer global connectivity, wide-area coverage, and low-latency communication services. Nevertheless, the active orbital motion of satellites, rising communication traffic, and inadequate on board power supply pose a massive challenge in ensuring stable and energy efficient communication channels. The adaptive beam steering has become a fundamental type of technology to advance directional signal transmission, spectral efficiency, interference reduction, and reduced power consumption in transmission in the present space communication infrastructure. The current study presents an adaptive beam steering framework with low power consumption as part of multi-orbit satellite communications that is capable of simultaneously optimizing beamforming, steering angle, and power allocation in order to enhance communication reliability with the least total energy use. The suggested framework involves orbital-conscious beam adjustment, dynamic steering angle optimization and power-saving transmission control to facilitate stable between-orbit and satellite-to-ground communication amidst different channel conditions and propagation environments. Mathematical optimization model is developed based on steering vectors, signal to noises ratio (SNR), free space path loss, communication throughput and quality of service (QoS) constraints. A low-complexity iterative formulation of optimization is used to 
simultaneously calculate the antenna beam patterns and the transmission power allocation to solve the resulting non-convex optimization problem effectively, using a Successive Convex Approximation (SCA) and Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP). The results of the simulation prove that the suggested framework can enhance beam steering precision, power efficiency, spectral efficiency, communication dependability and network coverage, significantly, in contrast to traditional fixed beamforming methods. The optimization system has less power consumption in transmission, better SNR capability, greater adaptability to orbital communication conditions, and less latency in the dynamic satellite systems. The findings assert that the suggested adaptive beam steering architecture can offer scalable, reliable, stable, and sustainable 6G-enabled non-terrestrial network, deep-space communication infrastructure, and next-generation multi-orbit satellite communication frameworks.